Streamlined Linking with OAuth and Google Sign-In

Page Summary

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• OAuth-based Google Sign-In Streamlined linking enhances OAuth linking by adding Google Sign-In for a seamless user experience and enabling account creation using Google accounts.

• The general steps for streamlined linking involve obtaining user consent for Google profile access, checking for existing accounts based on profile info, linking accounts for existing users, and validating ID tokens for creating new accounts when no match is found.

• Requirements for streamlined linking include implementing basic web OAuth linking with compliant authorization and token exchange endpoints that support JWT assertions and the check, create, and get intents.

• The token exchange endpoint must handle check intent requests by validating a JWT assertion containing user identity information and checking if the Google account ID or email exists in your system, responding with account_found=true or account_found=false (with a 404 error).

• The token exchange endpoint must handle get intent requests by validating a JWT assertion, checking for an existing account, and issuing a token if found, or returning a linking_error (with a 401 error) if not found.

• The token exchange endpoint must handle create intent requests by validating a JWT assertion, validating user information, creating a new account if no match is found, and issuing a token upon successful creation, or returning a linking_error (with a 401 error) if a matching account is found.

• To implement streamlined linking, you need to obtain your Google API Client ID from the Google Cloud Console and ensure your OAuth server supports the required intents and JWT handling.

• You can validate your streamlined linking implementation using tools like the OAuth 2.0 Playground and the Google Account Linking Demo.

Overview

OAuth-based Google Sign-In Streamlined linking adds Google Sign-In on top of OAuth linking. This provides a seamless linking experience for Google users, and it also enables account creation, which allows the user to create a new account on your service using their Google account.

To perform account linking with OAuth and Google Sign-In, follow these general steps:

1. First, ask the user to give consent to access their Google profile.
2. Use the information in their profile to check if the user account exists.
3. For existing users, link the accounts.
4. If you can't find a match for the Google user in your authentication system, validate the ID token received from Google. You can then create a user based on the profile information contained in the ID token.

Figure 1. Account Linking on a user's phone with Streamlined Linking

Requirements for Streamlined Linking

• Implement the basic web OAuth linking flow. Your service must support OAuth 2.0-compliant authorization and token exchange endpoints.
• Your token exchange endpoint must support JSON Web Token (JWT) assertions and implement the check, create, and get intents.

• Register your Google API Client ID.

Implement your OAuth server

Your token exchange endpoint must support the check, create, get intents. The below shows the steps completed through the account linking flow and indicates when the different intents are called:

1. Does the user have an account in your authentication system? (User decides by selecting YES or NO)
   1. YES : Does the user use the email associated with their Google account to sign into your platform? (User decides by selecting YES or NO)
      1. YES : Does the user have a matching account in your authentication system? (check intent is called to confirm)
         1. YES : get intent is called and the account is linked if get intent returns successfully.
         2. NO : Create New Account? (User decides by selecting YES or NO)
            1. YES : create intent is called and the account is linked if create intent returns successfully.
            2. NO : The Web OAuth flow is triggered, the user is directed to their browser, and the user is given the option to link with a different email.
      2. NO : The Web OAuth flow is triggered, the user is directed to their browser, and the user is given the option to link with a different email.
   2. NO : Does the user have a matching account in your authentication system? (check intent is called to confirm)
      1. YES : get intent is called and the account is linked if get intent returns successfully.
      2. NO : create intent is called and the account is linked if create intent returns successfully.

检查现有用户账号（检查 intent）

在用户同意访问其 Google 个人资料后，Google 会发送 请求，其中包含 Google 用户身份的已签名断言。通过 断言包含的信息包括用户的 Google 账号 ID、 姓名和电子邮件地址为您的 Google Cloud 控制台配置的令牌交换端点 项目处理该请求。

如果您的身份验证中已有相应的 Google 账号 系统时，您的令牌交换端点会返回 account_found=true。如果 Google 账号与现有用户不匹配，您的令牌交换端点 返回“HTTP 404 Not Found”错误以及 account_found=false。

请求的格式如下：

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=check&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

您的令牌交换端点必须能够处理以下参数：

如需响应 check intent 请求，您的令牌交换端点必须执行以下步骤：

• 验证和解码 JWT 断言。
• 检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号。

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

• email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
• email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号

请检查以下任一条件是否成立：

• Google 账号 ID（可在断言的 sub 字段中找到）位于您的用户中 数据库。
• 断言中的电子邮件地址与用户数据库中的用户匹配。

如果满足上述任一条件，则表明用户已注册。在这种情况下 返回如下所示的响应：

HTTP/1.1 200 Success
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"true",
}

如果 Google 账号 ID 和 断言与您的数据库中的用户匹配，该用户尚未注册。在 在这种情况下，您的令牌交换端点需要返回 HTTP 404 错误 指定 "account_found": "false"，如以下示例所示：

HTTP/1.1 404 Not found
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "account_found":"false",
}

处理自动链接（获取 intent）

在用户同意访问其 Google 个人资料后，Google 会发送 请求，其中包含 Google 用户身份的已签名断言。通过 断言包含的信息包括用户的 Google 账号 ID、 姓名和电子邮件地址为您的 Google Cloud 控制台配置的令牌交换端点 项目处理该请求。

如果您的身份验证中已有相应的 Google 账号 系统，您的令牌交换端点将为用户返回一个令牌。如果 Google 账号与现有用户不匹配，您的令牌交换端点 返回 linking_error 错误和可选的 login_hint。

请求的格式如下：

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&intent=get&assertion=JWT&scope=SCOPES&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

您的令牌交换端点必须能够处理以下参数：

如需响应 get intent 请求，您的令牌交换端点必须执行以下步骤：

• 验证和解码 JWT 断言。
• 检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号。

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

• email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
• email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

检查您的身份验证系统中是否已存在该 Google 账号

请检查以下任一条件是否成立：

• Google 账号 ID（可在断言的 sub 字段中找到）位于您的用户中 数据库。
• 断言中的电子邮件地址与用户数据库中的用户匹配。

如果找到了用户的账号，请发出访问令牌，并在 HTTPS 响应正文的 JSON 对象中返回相应值，如以下示例所示：

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
  "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",
  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

在某些情况下，基于 ID 令牌的账号关联可能会失败。如果 因为任何原因，您的令牌交换端点都需要以 HTTP 响应 指定 error=linking_error 的 401 错误，如以下示例所示：

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"foo@bar.com"
}

当 Google 收到包含 linking_error 的 401 错误响应时，会发送 使用 login_hint 作为参数将用户发送到您的授权端点。通过 用户在浏览器中使用 OAuth 关联流程完成账号关联。

Handle account creation via Google Sign-In (create intent)

When a user needs to create an account on your service, Google makes a request to your token exchange endpoint that specifies intent=create.

The request has the following form:

POST /token HTTP/1.1
Host: oauth2.example.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

response_type=token&grant_type=urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:jwt-bearer&scope=SCOPES&intent=create&assertion=JWT&client_id=GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID&client_secret=GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET

Your token exchange endpoint must able to handle the following parameters:

The JWT within the assertion parameter contains the user's Google Account ID, name, and email address, which you can use to create a new account on your service.

To respond to the create intent requests, your token exchange endpoint must perform the following steps:

• Validate and decode the JWT assertion.
• Validate user information and create new account.

Validate and decode the JWT assertion

You can validate and decode the JWT assertion by using a JWT-decoding library for your language. Use Google's public keys, available in JWK or PEM formats, to verify the token's signature.

When decoded, the JWT assertion looks like the following example:

{
  "sub": "1234567890",      // The unique ID of the user's Google Account
  "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",        // The assertion's issuer
  "aud": "123-abc.apps.googleusercontent.com", // Your server's client ID
  "iat": 233366400,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's creation time
  "exp": 233370000,         // Unix timestamp of the assertion's expiration time
  "name": "Jan Jansen",
  "given_name": "Jan",
  "family_name": "Jansen",
  "email": "jan@gmail.com", // If present, the user's email address
  "email_verified": true,   // true, if Google has verified the email address
  "hd": "example.com",      // If present, the host domain of the user's GSuite email address
                            // If present, a URL to user's profile picture
  "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GjlTnZKHAeb94A-FmEbwZv7uJD986VOF1mJGb2YYQ",
  "locale": "en_US"         // User's locale, from browser or phone settings
}

In addition to verifying the token's signature, verify that the assertion's issuer (iss field) is https://accounts.google.com, that the audience (aud field) is your assigned client ID, and that the token has not expired (exp field).

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In cases where Google is authoritative the user is currently known to be the legitimate account owner and you may skip password or other challenges methods. Otherwise, these methods can be used to verify the account prior to linking.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

• email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
• email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a G Suite account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or G Suite. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

Validate user information and create new account

Check whether either of the following conditions are true:

• The Google Account ID, found in the assertion's sub field, is in your user database.
• The email address in the assertion matches a user in your user database.

If either condition is true, prompt the user to link their existing account with their Google Account. To do so, respond to the request with an HTTP 401 error that specifies error=linking_error and gives the user's email address as the login_hint. The following is a sample response:

HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized
Content-Type: application/json;charset=UTF-8

{
  "error":"linking_error",
  "login_hint":"foo@bar.com"
}

When Google receives a 401 error response with linking_error, Google sends the user to your authorization endpoint with login_hint as a parameter. The user completes account linking using the OAuth linking flow in their browser.

If neither condition is true, create a new user account with the information provided in the JWT. New accounts don't typically have a password set. It's recommended that you add Google Sign-In to other platforms to enable users to log in with Google across the surfaces of your application. Alternatively, you can email the user a link that starts your password recovery flow to allow the user to set a password to sign in on other platforms.

When the creation is completed, issue an access token and return the values in a JSON object in the body of your HTTPS response, like in the following example:

{
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "access_token": "ACCESS_TOKEN",
  "refresh_token": "REFRESH_TOKEN",
  "expires_in": SECONDS_TO_EXPIRATION
}

Get your Google API Client ID

You will be required to provide your Google API Client ID during the Account Linking registration process.

To get your API Client ID using the project you created while completing the OAuth Linking steps. To do so, complete the following steps:

1. Go to the Clients page.

2. Create or select a Google APIs project.

   If your project doesn't have a Client ID for the Web application Type, click Create Client to create one. Be sure to include your site's domain in the Authorized JavaScript origins box. When you perform local tests or development, you must add both http://localhost and http://localhost:<port_number> to the Authorized JavaScript origins field.

Validating your implementation

You can validate your implementation by using the OAuth 2.0 Playground tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

1. Click Configuration settings to open the OAuth 2.0 Configuration window.
2. In the OAuth flow field, select Client-side.
3. In the OAuth Endpoints field, select Custom.
4. Specify your OAuth 2.0 endpoint and the client ID you assigned to Google in the corresponding fields.
5. In the Step 1 section, don't select any Google scopes. Instead, leave this field blank or type a scope valid for your server (or an arbitrary string if you don't use OAuth scopes). When you're done, click Authorize APIs.
6. In the Step 2 and Step 3 sections, go through the OAuth 2.0 flow and verify that each step works as intended.

You can validate your implementation by using the Google Account Linking Demo tool.

In the tool, do the following steps:

1. Click the Sign-in with Google button.
2. Choose the account you'd like to link.
3. Enter the service ID.
4. Optionally enter one or more scopes that you will request access for.
5. Click Start Demo.
6. When prompted, confirm that you may consent and deny the linking request.
7. Confirm that you are redirected to your platform.