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使用后端服务器进行身份验证

如果您在与后端通信的应用或网站上使用 Google 登录功能服务器，您可能需要识别该服务器上当前已登录的用户。若要安全地执行此操作，请在用户成功登录后，使用 HTTPS 将该用户的 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器。然后在服务器上，验证 ID 令牌的完整性，并使用令牌中包含的用户信息建立会话或创建新账号。

警告：请勿在后端服务器上接受纯用户 ID（例如您可以使用 GoogleSignInAccount.getId() method 获取的 ID）。经过修改的客户端应用可以向您的服务器发送任意用户 ID 来冒充用户，因此您必须改用可验证的 ID 令牌在服务器端安全地获取已登录用户的用户 ID。

将 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器

首先，在用户登录时获取其 ID 令牌：

当您配置 Google 登录，调用 requestIdToken 方法，并将服务器的网页客户端 ID。

// Request only the user's ID token, which can be used to identify the
// user securely to your backend. This will contain the user's basic
// profile (name, profile picture URL, etc) so you should not need to
// make an additional call to personalize your application.
GoogleSignInOptions gso = new GoogleSignInOptions.Builder(GoogleSignInOptions.DEFAULT_SIGN_IN)
        .requestIdToken(getString(R.string.server_client_id))
        .requestEmail()
        .build();

当您的应用启动时，检查用户是否已使用 Google 的账号登录此设备或其他设备，通过调用 silentSignIn：

GoogleSignIn.silentSignIn()
    .addOnCompleteListener(
        this,
        new OnCompleteListener<GoogleSignInAccount>() {
          @Override
          public void onComplete(@NonNull Task<GoogleSignInAccount> task) {
            handleSignInResult(task);
          }
        });

如果用户无法静默登录，请显示正常的未登录体验，让用户可以选择登录。当用户登录时，在登录 intent 的 activity 结果中获取用户的 GoogleSignInAccount：

// This task is always completed immediately, there is no need to attach an
// asynchronous listener.
Task<GoogleSignInAccount> task = GoogleSignIn.getSignedInAccountFromIntent(data);
handleSignInResult(task);

在用户以静默或显式方式登录后，从 GoogleSignInAccount 对象获取 ID 令牌：

private void handleSignInResult(@NonNull Task<GoogleSignInAccount> completedTask) {
    try {
        GoogleSignInAccount account = completedTask.getResult(ApiException.class);
        String idToken = account.getIdToken();

        // TODO(developer): send ID Token to server and validate

        updateUI(account);
    } catch (ApiException e) {
        Log.w(TAG, "handleSignInResult:error", e);
        updateUI(null);
    }
}

如果您未使用 requestIdToken 配置 GoogleSignInOptions，getIdToken 将返回 null。

然后，使用 HTTPS POST 请求将 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器：

HttpClient httpClient = new DefaultHttpClient();
HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost("https://yourbackend.example.com/tokensignin");

try {
  List<NameValuePair> nameValuePairs = new ArrayList<NameValuePair>(1);
  nameValuePairs.add(new BasicNameValuePair("idToken", idToken));
  httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nameValuePairs));

  HttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
  int statusCode = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();
  final String responseBody = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());
  Log.i(TAG, "Signed in as: " + responseBody);
} catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
  Log.e(TAG, "Error sending ID token to backend.", e);
} catch (IOException e) {
  Log.e(TAG, "Error sending ID token to backend.", e);
}

验证 ID 令牌的完整性

通过 HTTPS POST 收到 ID 令牌后，您必须验证令牌的完整性。

To verify that the token is valid, ensure that the following criteria are satisfied:

The ID token is properly signed by Google. Use Google's public keys (available in JWK or PEM format) to verify the token's signature. These keys are regularly rotated; examine the Cache-Control header in the response to determine when you should retrieve them again.
The value of aud in the ID token is equal to one of your app's client IDs. This check is necessary to prevent ID tokens issued to a malicious app being used to access data about the same user on your app's backend server.
The value of iss in the ID token is equal to accounts.google.com or https://accounts.google.com.
The expiry time (exp) of the ID token has not passed.
If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.

Using the email, email_verified and hd fields, you can determine if Google hosts and is authoritative for an email address. In the cases where Google is authoritative, the user is known to be the legitimate account owner, and you may skip password or other challenge methods.

Cases where Google is authoritative:

email has a @gmail.com suffix, this is a Gmail account.
email_verified is true and hd is set, this is a Google Workspace account.

Users may register for Google Accounts without using Gmail or Google Workspace. When email does not contain a @gmail.com suffix and hd is absent, Google is not authoritative and password or other challenge methods are recommended to verify the user. email_verified can also be true as Google initially verified the user when the Google account was created, however ownership of the third party email account may have since changed.

Rather than writing your own code to perform these verification steps, we strongly recommend using a Google API client library for your platform, or a general-purpose JWT library. For development and debugging, you can call our tokeninfo validation endpoint.

Using a Google API Client Library

Using one of the Google API Client Libraries (e.g. Java, Node.js, PHP, Python) is the recommended way to validate Google ID tokens in a production environment.

Java

To validate an ID token in Java, use the GoogleIdTokenVerifier object. For example:

import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken.Payload;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdTokenVerifier;

...

GoogleIdTokenVerifier verifier = new GoogleIdTokenVerifier.Builder(transport, jsonFactory)
    // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    .setAudience(Collections.singletonList(WEB_CLIENT_ID))
    // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
    //.setAudience(Arrays.asList(WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3))
    .build();

// (Receive idTokenString by HTTPS POST)

GoogleIdToken idToken = verifier.verify(idTokenString);
if (idToken != null) {
  Payload payload = idToken.getPayload();

  // Print user identifier. This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for
  // use as a primary key during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be
  // changed by the user.
  String userId = payload.getSubject();
  System.out.println("User ID: " + userId);

  // Get profile information from payload
  String email = payload.getEmail();
  boolean emailVerified = Boolean.valueOf(payload.getEmailVerified());
  String name = (String) payload.get("name");
  String pictureUrl = (String) payload.get("picture");
  String locale = (String) payload.get("locale");
  String familyName = (String) payload.get("family_name");
  String givenName = (String) payload.get("given_name");

  // Use or store profile information
  // ...

} else {
  System.out.println("Invalid ID token.");
}

The GoogleIdTokenVerifier.verify() method verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the iss claim, and the exp claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can verify the hd claim by checking the domain name returned by the Payload.getHostedDomain() method. The domain of the email claim is insufficient to ensure that the account is managed by a domain or organization.

Node.js

To validate an ID token in Node.js, use the Google Auth Library for Node.js. Install the library:

npm install google-auth-library --save

Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:

const {OAuth2Client} = require('google-auth-library');
const client = new OAuth2Client();
async function verify() {
  const ticket = await client.verifyIdToken({
      idToken: token,
      audience: WEB_CLIENT_ID,  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
      // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
      //[WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]
  });
  const payload = ticket.getPayload();
  // This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
  // during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
  const userid = payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain:
  // const domain = payload['hd'];
}
verify().catch(console.error);

The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.

PHP

To validate an ID token in PHP, use the Google API Client Library for PHP. Install the library (for example, using Composer):

composer require google/apiclient

Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:

require_once 'vendor/autoload.php';

// Get $id_token via HTTPS POST.

$client = new Google_Client(['client_id' => $WEB_CLIENT_ID]);  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
$payload = $client->verifyIdToken($id_token);
if ($payload) {
  // This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
  // during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
  $userid = $payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
  //$domain = $payload['hd'];
} else {
  // Invalid ID token
}

The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

Python

To validate an ID token in Python, use the verify_oauth2_token function. For example:

from google.oauth2 import id_token
from google.auth.transport import requests

# (Receive token by HTTPS POST)
# ...

try:
    # Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request(), WEB_CLIENT_ID)

    # Or, if multiple clients access the backend server:
    # idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request())
    # if idinfo['aud'] not in [WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]:
    #     raise ValueError('Could not verify audience.')

    # If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
    # if idinfo['hd'] != DOMAIN_NAME:
    #     raise ValueError('Wrong domain name.')

    # ID token is valid. Get the user's Google Account ID from the decoded token.
    # This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
    # during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
    userid = idinfo['sub']
except ValueError:
    # Invalid token
    pass

The verify_oauth2_token function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, and the exp claim. You must also verify the hd claim (if applicable) by examining the object that verify_oauth2_token returns. If multiple clients access the backend server, also manually verify the aud claim.

调用 tokeninfo 端点

为调试验证 ID 令牌签名的一种简单方法是使用 tokeninfo 端点。调用此端点涉及这个额外的网络请求会为您完成大部分的验证工作，验证和载荷提取。不适合在生产环境中使用因为请求可能会受到限制或出现间歇性错误。

如需使用 tokeninfo 端点验证 ID 令牌，请创建 HTTPS POST 或 GET 请求发送到端点，并在 id_token 参数。例如，要验证令牌“XYZ123”，请发出以下 GET 请求：

https://oauth2.googleapis.com/tokeninfo?id_token=XYZ123

如果令牌经过正确签名，并且 iss 和 exp 具有预期值，就会收到 HTTP 200 响应，其中正文包含 JSON 格式的 ID 令牌声明。以下是示例响应：

{
 // These six fields are included in all Google ID Tokens.
 "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",
 "sub": "110169484474386276334",
 "azp": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com",
 "aud": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com",
 "iat": "1433978353",
 "exp": "1433981953",

 // These seven fields are only included when the user has granted the "profile" and
 // "email" OAuth scopes to the application.
 "email": "testuser@gmail.com",
 "email_verified": "true",
 "name" : "Test User",
 "picture": "https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-kYgzyAWpZzJ/ABCDEFGHI/AAAJKLMNOP/tIXL9Ir44LE/s99-c/photo.jpg",
 "given_name": "Test",
 "family_name": "User",
 "locale": "en"
}

警告：收到这些版权主张后，你仍然需要检查 aud 声明是否包含应用的某个客户端 ID。如果有，则令牌对客户端有效并且专门用于您的客户端，您可以安全地检索和使用用户在 sub 声明中的唯一 Google ID。

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 账号，可以先查看 hd 声明，指示用户的托管网域。只有在以下情况下，从而仅允许特定网域中的成员访问资源。缺少此声明表示该账号不属于 Google Workspace 托管网域。

创建账号或会话

验证令牌后，请检查该用户是否已在您的用户数据库中。如果是，请为用户建立经过身份验证的会话。如果用户，则使用此信息创建新的用户记录 ID 令牌载荷中，并为用户建立会话。当您在应用中检测到新创建的用户时，可以提示用户提供您需要的任何其他个人资料信息。

使用跨账号保护功能保障用户账号的安全

当您依赖 Google 来为用户登录时，您将自动受益于 Google 为保护用户数据而构建的所有安全功能和基础架构。不过，在极少数情况下，万一用户的 Google 账号遭到盗用，或者存在其他重大安全性事件，那么您的应用也可能容易受到攻击。为了更好地保护您的使用跨账号保护以接收来自 Google 的安全提醒。收到这些事件后深入洞悉用户 Google 账号安全性的重大变化，然后，您可以对该服务采取措施，以确保您账号的安全。

使用后端服务器进行身份验证 使用集合让一切井井有条 根据您的偏好保存内容并对其进行分类。

将 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器

验证 ID 令牌的完整性

Using a Google API Client Library

调用 tokeninfo 端点

创建账号或会话

使用跨账号保护功能保障用户账号的安全

使用后端服务器进行身份验证