使用后端服务器进行身份验证

如果您在与后端服务器通信的应用或网站上使用 Google 登录功能，则可能需要识别服务器上当前登录的用户。 为了安全起见，请在用户成功登录后，向用户发送 使用 HTTPS 向服务器传送 ID 令牌。然后在服务器上验证完整性 并使用该令牌中包含的用户信息来建立 会话或创建新账号。

将 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器

在用户成功登录后，获取用户的 ID 令牌：

Swift

GIDSignIn.sharedInstance.signIn(withPresenting: self) { signInResult, error in
    guard error == nil else { return }
    guard let signInResult = signInResult else { return }

    signInResult.user.refreshTokensIfNeeded { user, error in
        guard error == nil else { return }
        guard let user = user else { return }

        let idToken = user.idToken
        // Send ID token to backend (example below).
    }
}

Objective-C

[GIDSignIn.sharedInstance signInWithPresentingViewController:self
                                              completion:^(GIDSignInResult * _Nullable signInResult,
                                                           NSError * _Nullable error) {
      if (error) { return; }
      if (signInResult == nil) { return; }

      [signInResult.user refreshTokensIfNeededWithCompletion:^(GIDGoogleUser * _Nullable user,
                                                               NSError * _Nullable error) {
          if (error) { return; }
          if (user == nil) { return; }

          NSString *idToken = user.idToken;
          // Send ID token to backend (example below).
      }];
}];

然后，使用 HTTPS POST 请求将 ID 令牌发送到您的服务器：

Swift

func tokenSignInExample(idToken: String) {
    guard let authData = try? JSONEncoder().encode(["idToken": idToken]) else {
        return
    }
    let url = URL(string: "https://yourbackend.example.com/tokensignin")!
    var request = URLRequest(url: url)
    request.httpMethod = "POST"
    request.setValue("application/json", forHTTPHeaderField: "Content-Type")

    let task = URLSession.shared.uploadTask(with: request, from: authData) { data, response, error in
        // Handle response from your backend.
    }
    task.resume()
}

Objective-C

NSString *signinEndpoint = @"https://yourbackend.example.com/tokensignin";
NSDictionary *params = @{@"idtoken": idToken};

NSMutableURLRequest *request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:signinEndpoint];
[request setValue:@"application/x-www-form-urlencoded" forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type"];
[request setHTTPMethod:@"POST"];
[request setHTTPBody:[self httpBodyForParamsDictionary:params]];

NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];
[NSURLConnection sendAsynchronousRequest:request
                                   queue:queue
                       completionHandler:^(NSURLResponse *response, NSData *data, NSError *error) {
                         if (error) {
                           NSLog(@"Error: %@", error.localizedDescription);
                         } else {
                           NSLog(@"Signed in as %@", data.bytes);
                         }
                       }];

验证 ID 令牌的完整性

在通过 HTTPS POST 收到 ID 令牌后，您必须验证完整性 令牌的值。

如需验证令牌是否有效，请确保满足以下条件：

  • ID 令牌已由 Google 正确签名。使用 Google 的公钥（以 JWK 或 PEM 格式提供）验证令牌的签名。这些密钥会定期轮换；请检查响应中的 Cache-Control 标头，以确定何时应再次检索这些密钥。
  • ID 令牌中的 aud 值等于您应用的某个客户端 ID。此检查是必要的，可防止向恶意应用发放的 ID 令牌被用于访问您应用后端服务器上有关同一用户的数据。
  • ID 令牌中 iss 的值等于 accounts.google.com 或 https://accounts.google.com。
  • ID 令牌的到期时间 (exp) 尚未到期。
  • 如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 或 Cloud 组织账号，可以检查 hd 声明，该声明表示用户的托管网域。如果需要将对资源的访问权限限制为仅限特定网域的成员，则必须使用此方法。如果缺少此声明，则表示相应账号不属于 Google 托管网域。

通过使用 email、email_verified 和 hd 字段，您可以确定 Google 是否托管某个电子邮件地址并对其具有权威性。如果 Google 是权威方，则表示用户是合法的账号所有者，您可以跳过密码或其他身份验证方法。

Google 具有权威性的情况：

  • email 带有 @gmail.com 后缀，则表示这是 Gmail 账号。
  • email_verified 为 true 且设置了 hd，则为 Google Workspace 账号。

用户可以注册 Google 账号，而无需使用 Gmail 或 Google Workspace。如果 email 不包含 @gmail.com 后缀且 hd 不存在，则 Google 不具有权威性，建议使用密码或其他质询方法来验证用户身份。email_verified 也可能为 true，因为 Google 最初在创建 Google 账号时验证了用户身份，但第三方电子邮件账号的所有权可能已发生变化。

我们强烈建议您使用适用于您平台的 Google API 客户端库或通用 JWT 库，而不是自行编写代码来执行这些验证步骤。对于开发和调试，您可以调用我们的 tokeninfo 验证端点。

Using a Google API Client Library

Using one of the Google API Client Libraries (e.g. Java, Node.js, PHP, Python) is the recommended way to validate Google ID tokens in a production environment.

Java

To validate an ID token in Java, use the GoogleIdTokenVerifier object. For example:

import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdToken.Payload;
import com.google.api.client.googleapis.auth.oauth2.GoogleIdTokenVerifier;

...

GoogleIdTokenVerifier verifier = new GoogleIdTokenVerifier.Builder(transport, jsonFactory)
    // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    .setAudience(Collections.singletonList(WEB_CLIENT_ID))
    // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
    //.setAudience(Arrays.asList(WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3))
    .build();

// (Receive idTokenString by HTTPS POST)

GoogleIdToken idToken = verifier.verify(idTokenString);
if (idToken != null) {
  Payload payload = idToken.getPayload();

  // Print user identifier. This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for
  // use as a primary key during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be
  // changed by the user.
  String userId = payload.getSubject();
  System.out.println("User ID: " + userId);

  // Get profile information from payload
  String email = payload.getEmail();
  boolean emailVerified = Boolean.valueOf(payload.getEmailVerified());
  String name = (String) payload.get("name");
  String pictureUrl = (String) payload.get("picture");
  String locale = (String) payload.get("locale");
  String familyName = (String) payload.get("family_name");
  String givenName = (String) payload.get("given_name");

  // Use or store profile information
  // ...

} else {
  System.out.println("Invalid ID token.");
}

The GoogleIdTokenVerifier.verify() method verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the iss claim, and the exp claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can verify the hd claim by checking the domain name returned by the Payload.getHostedDomain() method. The domain of the email claim is insufficient to ensure that the account is managed by a domain or organization.

Node.js

To validate an ID token in Node.js, use the Google Auth Library for Node.js. Install the library: 

npm install google-auth-library --save
 Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:

const {OAuth2Client} = require('google-auth-library');
const client = new OAuth2Client();
async function verify() {
  const ticket = await client.verifyIdToken({
      idToken: token,
      audience: WEB_CLIENT_ID,  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
      // Or, if multiple clients access the backend:
      //[WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]
  });
  const payload = ticket.getPayload();
  // This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
  // during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
  const userid = payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain:
  // const domain = payload['hd'];
}
verify().catch(console.error);

The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.

PHP

To validate an ID token in PHP, use the Google API Client Library for PHP. Install the library (for example, using Composer): 

composer require google/apiclient
 Then, call the verifyIdToken() function. For example:

require_once 'vendor/autoload.php';

// Get $id_token via HTTPS POST.

$client = new Google_Client(['client_id' => $WEB_CLIENT_ID]);  // Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend
$payload = $client->verifyIdToken($id_token);
if ($payload) {
  // This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
  // during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
  $userid = $payload['sub'];
  // If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
  //$domain = $payload['hd'];
} else {
  // Invalid ID token
}

The verifyIdToken function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, the exp claim, and the iss claim.

If you need to validate that the ID token represents a Google Workspace or Cloud organization account, you can check the hd claim, which indicates the hosted domain of the user. This must be used when restricting access to a resource to only members of certain domains. The absence of this claim indicates that the account does not belong to a Google hosted domain.

Python

To validate an ID token in Python, use the verify_oauth2_token function. For example:

from google.oauth2 import id_token
from google.auth.transport import requests

# (Receive token by HTTPS POST)
# ...

try:
    # Specify the WEB_CLIENT_ID of the app that accesses the backend:
    idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request(), WEB_CLIENT_ID)

    # Or, if multiple clients access the backend server:
    # idinfo = id_token.verify_oauth2_token(token, requests.Request())
    # if idinfo['aud'] not in [WEB_CLIENT_ID_1, WEB_CLIENT_ID_2, WEB_CLIENT_ID_3]:
    #     raise ValueError('Could not verify audience.')

    # If the request specified a Google Workspace domain
    # if idinfo['hd'] != DOMAIN_NAME:
    #     raise ValueError('Wrong domain name.')

    # ID token is valid. Get the user's Google Account ID from the decoded token.
    # This ID is unique to each Google Account, making it suitable for use as a primary key
    # during account lookup. Email is not a good choice because it can be changed by the user.
    userid = idinfo['sub']
except ValueError:
    # Invalid token
    pass

The verify_oauth2_token function verifies the JWT signature, the aud claim, and the exp claim. You must also verify the hd claim (if applicable) by examining the object that verify_oauth2_token returns. If multiple clients access the backend server, also manually verify the aud claim.

调用 tokeninfo 端点

为调试验证 ID 令牌签名的一种简单方法是 使用 tokeninfo 端点。调用此端点涉及 这个额外的网络请求会为您完成大部分的验证工作， 验证和载荷提取。不适合在生产环境中使用 因为请求可能会受到限制或出现间歇性错误。

如需使用 tokeninfo 端点验证 ID 令牌，请创建 HTTPS POST 或 GET 请求发送到端点，并在 id_token 参数。 例如，要验证令牌“XYZ123”，请发出以下 GET 请求：

https://oauth2.googleapis.com/tokeninfo?id_token=XYZ123

如果令牌经过正确签名，并且 iss 和 exp 具有预期值，就会收到 HTTP 200 响应，其中正文 包含 JSON 格式的 ID 令牌声明。 以下是示例响应：

{
 // These six fields are included in all Google ID Tokens.
 "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",
 "sub": "110169484474386276334",
 "azp": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com",
 "aud": "1008719970978-hb24n2dstb40o45d4feuo2ukqmcc6381.apps.googleusercontent.com",
 "iat": "1433978353",
 "exp": "1433981953",

 // These seven fields are only included when the user has granted the "profile" and
 // "email" OAuth scopes to the application.
 "email": "testuser@gmail.com",
 "email_verified": "true",
 "name" : "Test User",
 "picture": "https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-kYgzyAWpZzJ/ABCDEFGHI/AAAJKLMNOP/tIXL9Ir44LE/s99-c/photo.jpg",
 "given_name": "Test",
 "family_name": "User",
 "locale": "en"
}

如果您需要验证 ID 令牌是否代表 Google Workspace 账号，可以先查看 hd 声明，指示用户的托管网域。只有在以下情况下， 从而仅允许特定网域中的成员访问资源。缺少此声明 表示该账号不属于 Google Workspace 托管网域。

创建账号或会话

验证令牌后，检查用户是否在您的用户中 数据库。如果是，请为用户建立经过身份验证的会话。如果用户 ，则使用此信息创建新的用户记录 ID 令牌载荷中，并为用户建立会话。当您在应用中检测到新创建的用户时，可以提示用户提供您需要的任何其他个人资料信息。

使用跨账号保护功能保障用户账号的安全

当您依靠 Google 来登录某个用户时，您将自动享受到 Google 为保护用户数据而构建的安全功能和基础架构。不过，在极少数情况下，如果用户的 Google 账号遭到入侵或发生其他重大安全事件，您的应用也可能会受到攻击。为了更好地保护您的账号免受任何重大安全事件的侵害，请使用跨账号保护功能接收 Google 发送的安全提醒。收到这些事件后，您可以了解用户 Google 账号安全方面的重大变化，然后对您的服务采取措施来确保账号安全。