Privacy Sandbox 术语表

Privacy Sandbox 文章和文档假定读者了解隐私权、广告和网站开发方面的概念。本术语表介绍了一些关键术语。

广告竞价 (Protected Audience API)

In the Protected Audience API, an ad auction is run by a seller (likely to be an SSP or maybe the publisher itself), in JavaScript code in the browser on the user's device, to sell ad space on a site that displays ads.

广告素材, 广告素材

Ad creative refers to the contents of the ad served to users. Creatives can be images, videos, audio, and other formats. Creatives live within an ad space, and are served by ad tech within line items.

Ad Exchange

广告交易平台是一种用于自动买卖来自多个广告联盟的广告资源的平台。

广告资源、广告空间

广告资源空间是指销售广告空间的网站提供的广告空间。

广告平台（广告技术）

广告平台是指提供广告投放服务的公司。

广告客户

广告客户是指付费宣传其产品的公司。

可汇总的报告

可汇总报告是从各个用户设备发送的加密报告。这些报告包含有关跨网站用户行为和转化的数据。转化（有时称为归因触发器事件）和关联的指标由广告主或广告技术平台定义。每个报告都会加密，以防止多方访问基础数据。

证明

认证是一种用于对软件身份进行身份验证的机制，通常使用加密哈希或签名。对于汇总服务方案，证明会将广告技术平台运营的汇总服务中运行的代码与开放源代码进行匹配。

归因

归因是指识别有助于带来结果的用户操作。

例如，广告点击次数或观看次数与转化次数之间的关联。

Blink 是 Chrome 使用的渲染引擎，作为 Chromium 项目的一部分开发。

采购员

A buyer is a party bidding for ad space in an ad auction, likely to be a DSP, or maybe the advertiser itself. Ad space buyers own and manage interest groups.

Publishers make ad inventory available through marketplaces called ad exchanges, and buyers compete in real time through a DSP for the opportunity to place their advertisement.

Learn about ad space buyers in the Protected Audience API.

Chromium

Chromium 是一个开源网络浏览器项目。Chrome、Microsoft Edge、Opera 等 浏览器都基于 Chromium

点击型转化 (CTC)

点击型转化是指归因于用户点击的广告的转化。

点击率 (CTR)

点击率是点击广告后看到了广告的用户的比率。

另请参阅“展示”。

转化

转化是指用户完成某个期望的目标后。

例如，在点击链接到广告客户网站的广告后，购买产品或注册简报后，可能会发生一次转化。

A cookie is a small piece of textual data that websites can store on a user's browser. Cookies can be used by a website to save information associated with a user (or a reference to data stored on the website's backend servers) as the user moves across the web.

For example, an online store can retain shopping cart details even if a user is not logged in, or the site could record the user's browsing activity on their site. See First-party cookie and Third-party cookie.

协调者

协调者是负责密钥管理和可汇总报告的会计核算的实体。协调者维护已获批准的汇总服务配置的哈希列表，并配置对解密密钥的访问权限。

粗略数据

数据管理平台 (DMP)

A data management platform is software used to collect and manage data relevant for advertisers. These platforms help advertisers and publishers identify audience segments, which can then be used for campaign targeting.

Learn more about DMPs.

需求方平台 (DSP)

需求方平台是一种用于自动执行广告购买的广告技术服务。广告客户可以使用 DSP 在多个发布商网站上购买广告展示。

差分隐私

Differential privacy refers to techniques to allow sharing of information about a dataset to reveal patterns of behaviour without revealing private information about individuals or whether they belong to the dataset.

网域

网域。请参阅顶级域名和 eTLD。

熵

Entropy, in the privacy domain, is a measure of how much an item of data reveals individual identity.

Data entropy is measured in bits. The more that data reveals identity, the higher its entropy value.

Data can be combined to identify an individual, but it can be difficult to work out whether new data adds to entropy. For example, knowing a person is from Australia doesn't reduce entropy if you already know the person is from Kangaroo Island.

纪元

在 Topics API 中，“周期”是指浏览器根据用户的浏览活动为其推断主题的时间段。当前设置为 1 周。

eTLD、eTLD+1

eTLD 是有效的顶级域名 (TLD)，由 公共后缀列表。

例如：

co.uk 
github.io 
glitch.me

有效顶级域名允许 foo.appspot.com 不同于 bar.appspot.com。在这种情况下，eTLD 为 appspot.com，整个 网站名称（foo.appspot.com、bar.appspot.com）称为 eTLD+1。

另请参阅顶级域名。

事件级报告

事件级报告：将（广告端）的特定广告点击或观看与转化端数据相关联。为了通过限制跨网站联接用户身份来保护用户隐私，转化端数据非常有限，并且数据非常嘈杂。

Federated Credential Management API (FedCM)

Federated Credential Management API is a proposal for a privacy-preserving approach to federated identity services. This will allow users to log into sites without sharing their personal information with the identity service or the site.

FedCM was previously known as WebID, and is still in development in the W3C.

联合身份（联合登录）

联合身份是一个第三方平台，可让用户登录网站，而无需网站实现自己的身份服务。

围栏框架

A (<fencedframe>) is a proposed HTML element for embedded content, similar to an iframe. Unlike iframes, a fenced frame restricts communication with its embedding context to allow the frame access to cross-site data without sharing it with the embedding context.

Some Privacy Sandbox APIs may require select documents to render within a fenced frame. Learn more about the Fenced Frames proposal.

数字“指纹”收集

数字“指纹”收集技术包含识别和跟踪各个用户行为的技术。

数字“指纹”收集功能使用的机制是用户不知情且无法控制的。 Panopticlick 和 amiunique.org 等网站展示了如何合并指纹数据来识别您的个人身份。

数字“指纹”收集

数字“指纹”收集表面可以（可能与其他表面结合使用）来识别特定用户或设备。

例如，navigator.userAgent() JavaScript 方法和 User-Agent HTTP 请求标头提供对数字“指纹”收集表面（用户代理字符串）的访问权限。

第一方

First party refers to resources from the site you're visiting.

For example, the page you're reading is on the site developer.chrome.com and includes resources requested from this site. Requests for those first-party resources are called 'first-party requests'. Cookies from developer.chrome.com stored while you're on this site are called first-party cookies.

See also Third-party.

A first-party cookie is a cookie stored by a website while a user is on the site itself.

For example, an online store might ask a browser to store a cookie in order to retain shopping cart details for a user who is not logged in. See also Third-party cookies.

互联网向互联网

实验意图 (I2E) 表示我们计划向用户发布一项新的 Blink 功能以进行测试（通常是通过源试用）。

国际化电气组织 (I2EE)

扩展实验 (I2EE) 的意图是关于延长源试用时长的计划公告。

I2P

Intent to Prototype (I2P) is the first stage in developing a new feature in Blink. The announcement is posted to the blink-dev mailing list with a link to the proposal for discussion.

I2S

intent to Ship (I2S) 是一项计划公告，旨在说明我们计划在稳定版 Chrome 中向用户提供 Blink 的新功能。

展示

Impression could refer to either:

  • View of an ad. See also click-through rate.
  • An ad slot: the HTML markup (usually <div> tags) on a web page where an ad can be displayed. Ad slots constitute inventory.

兴趣群体

In the Protected Audience API, formerly FLEDGE, an interest group represents a group of people with a common interest, corresponding to a remarketing list.

Every interest group has an owner. Different types of owners will create different types of interest groups with different use cases.

广告资源

广告资源是网站上可用的广告位。广告位是可用来展示广告的 HTML 标记（通常是 <div> 标记）。

k-匿名性

k-匿名性用于衡量数据集内的匿名性。如果您具有 k 匿名性，则无法与数据集中的 k-1 个其他个体区分开来。也就是说，k 个人具有相同的信息（包括您在内）。

Nonce

Nonce 是在加密通信中仅使用一次的任意数字。

原点

来源由架构（协议）、主机名（网域）和用于访问的网址的端口定义。

例如：https://developer.chrome.com

源试用

Origin trials are trials that provide access to a new or experimental feature, to make it possible to build functions that users can try out for a limited time before the feature is made available to everyone.

When Chrome offers an origin trial for a feature, an origin can be registered for the trial to allow the feature for all users on that origin, without requiring users to toggle flags or switch to an alternative build of Chrome (though they may need to upgrade). Origin trials allow developers to build demos and prototypes using new features. The trials help Chrome engineers understand how new features are used, and how they may interact with other web technologies.

Find out more: Getting started with Chrome's origin trials.

被动表面

Passive surfaces are fingerprinting surfaces—such as User-Agent strings, IP addresses, and Accept-Language headers—that are available to every website, whether the site asks for them or not.

Passive surfaces can easily consume a site's privacy budget.

The Privacy Sandbox initiative proposes replacing passive surfaces with active ways to get specific information, for example using Client Hints a single time to get the user's language rather than having an Accept-Language header for every response to every server.

Protected Audience API

Protected Audience API 是 FLEDGE API 的新名称。

发布商

在 Privacy Sandbox 环境中，发布商是一个设有广告空间的网站，可通过付费来展示广告。

覆盖面

覆盖面是指看到广告或访问了展示广告的网页的用户总数。

实时出价 (RTB)

实时出价是一种自动竞价机制，用于买卖网站上的广告展示，在网页加载期间完成。

再营销

Remarketing is the practice of advertising to people who've already visited your site on other sites.

For example, an online store could show ads for a toy sale to people who previously viewed toys on their site.

报告来源

报告来源是接收可汇总报告的实体，也就是调用 Attribution Reporting API 的广告技术平台。可汇总报告的来源 将用户设备转到与报告关联的已知网址 来源。此报告来源应在注册期间指定。

缩放比例

在 Attribution Reporting API 中，缩放系数是指您选择将可汇总值乘以的倍数。调整预算会影响噪声效果和您的贡献预算。

卖家

卖方是进行广告竞价的一方，可能是 SSP，也可能是发布商本身。

网站

网站相当于一个 eTLD+1，并包含一个协议。

另请参阅顶级域名。

存储分区

Storage partitioning is a mechanism in Chrome to prevent certain types of side-channel cross-site tracking, Chrome is partitioning storage and communications APIs in third-party contexts.

Storage partitioning prevents a site from joining data across different sites to track the user across the web.

摘要报告

摘要报告是一种 Attribution Reporting API 和 Private Aggregation API 报告类型。摘要报告包含汇总的用户数据，并且可能包含添加了噪声的详细转化数据。摘要报告由汇总报告组成。与事件级报告相比，摘要报告具有更大的灵活性和数据模型，尤其是对于某些应用场景（例如转化价值）。

供应方平台、卖方平台

A supply-side platform is an ad tech service used to automate selling ad inventory. SSPs allow publishers to offer their inventory (empty rectangles where ads will go) to multiple ad exchanges, DSPs, and networks. This enables a wide range of potential buyers to bid for ad space.

Surface

Surface。请参阅数字“指纹”收集和被动表面。

第三方是指由与您正在访问的网站不同的网域提供的资源。

例如，网站 foo.com 可能会使用来自 google-analytics.com 的分析代码（通过 JavaScript）、来自 use.typekit.net 的字体（通过链接元素）以及来自 vimeo.com 的视频（在 iframe 中）。另请参阅第一方。

A third-party cookie is a cookie stored by a third-party service.

For example, a video website might include a Watch Later button in their embedded player to allow a user to add a video to their wishlist without forcing them to navigate to the video site.

See also First-party cookie.

顶级域名 (TLD)

Top-level domains such as .com and .org are listed in the Root Zone Database.

See also eTLD, site.

可信执行环境 (TEE)

可信执行环境是计算机硬件和软件的一种特殊配置， 验证计算机上运行的软件的确切版本。TEEs 允许外部各方验证软件是否完全按照 软件制造商声称可以，不多或少。

如需详细了解用于 Privacy Sandbox 提案的 TEE，请参阅 Protected Audience API 服务说明文档 以及汇总服务说明。

用户代理客户端提示 (UA-CH)

User-agent client hints provide specific pieces of the User-Agent string on explicit request. This helps reduce passive surfaces in the User-Agent string which may lead to user identification or covert tracking.

UA-CH is sometimes referred to as "Client Hints."

用户代理字符串

用户代理字符串是 HTTP 标头，服务器和网络对等方可使用它请求有关应用、操作系统、供应商或用户代理版本的标识信息。用户代理字符串会广播一大串数据，这会给用户隐私带来问题。我们提议通过减少用户代理来移除敏感信息并减少被动数字“指纹”收集。

.well-known

.well-known is a file used to add redirects to a website from standardized URLs.

For example, password managers can make it easier for users to update passwords if a website sets a redirect from /.well-known/change-password to the change password page of the site.

In addition, it can be useful to access policy or other information about a host before making a request. For example, robots.txt tells web crawlers which pages to visit and which pages to ignore. IETF RFC8615 outlines a standardized way to make site-wide metadata accessible in standard locations in a /.well-known/ subdirectory.

See a list of recommendations for .well-known at iana.org/assignments/well-known-uris/well-known-uris.xhtml.

Worklet

A worklet allows you to run specific JavaScript functions and return information back to the requester. Within a worklet, you can execute JavaScript but you cannot interact or communicate with the outside page.

Worklets are used to store and extract data with the Shared Storage API.